Terminology

ABS(CHECKSUM(NEWID())) % <n> Generate a random integer between 0 and <n>-1 inclusive.

CAST(CAST(0 AS BINARY) AS UNIQUEIDENTIFIER) Generate zero GUID in SQL Server.

CONVERT(DATETIME,FLOOR(CONVERT(NUMERIC(18,9),x))) Truncate DATETIME value to date without time.

CONVERT(VARCHAR(<width>),<variable>) Convert an integer into a string.

DATEADD(d, ABS(CHECKSUM(NEWID())) % DATEDIFF(d,<startDate>,<endDate>),<startDate>) Generate a random date within a range.

RAND Returns a pseudo-random float value from 0 through 1, exclusive.

RIGHT('000000000'+CONVERT(VARCHAR(9),ABS(CHECKSUM(NEWID())) % 1000000000),9) Generate a random unformatted Social Security Number (SSN).

ROW_NUMBER( ) OVER ( <partition_by_clause> <order_by_clause> ) Returns the sequential number of a row within a partition of a result set, starting at 1 for the first row in each partition.

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